The Brain Structure Volume Estimation Based on Synthetic MRI in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveCentral nervous system （CNS） infiltration commonly occurs in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia （ALL）. Early subclinical CNS infiltration in pediatric ALL is hard to detect with conventional methods. This study aimed to investigate the changes of brain structure volume parameters based on Synthetic MRI （SyMRI） in pediatric ALL without clinically diagnosed CNS infiltration. MethodsThirty-six ALL and twenty-nine typically developing （TD） children were prospectively collected and all underwent SyMRI. The Synthetic MR software was used to obtain brain volumetric parameters including total white matter volume （WMV）， gray matter volume （GMV）， cerebrospinal fluid （CSF） volume， etc. and their within-group differences were assessed by analysis of covariance. The Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between biological characteristics and statistically significant brain volume parameters. ResultsALL children showed increased CSF volume （PFDR-corrected = 0.009） and decreased GMV （PFDR-corrected = 0.027） when compared to TD children. We also found a moderately negative association between GMV/intracranial volume and risk classification in pediatric ALL （rs = -0.380， P = 0.022）. ConclusionsPediatric ALL without clinically diagnosed CNS infiltration presented with accumulation of CSF and reduction of gray matter. The brain volumetric changes in subclinical CNS infiltration of pediatric ALL provides a new attempt for exploring the underlying mechanism and early detection of CNS infiltration in pediatric ALL.

Preliminary study on cerebrospinal fluid proteomics of Erxian Decoction against neurogenesis impairment in late-onset depression / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanism of Erxian Decoction(EXD) against neurogenesis impairment in late-onset depression(LOD) rats based on cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) proteomics. A total of 66 20-21-month-old male Wistar rats were randomized into naturally aged(AGED) group, LOD group, and EXD group. All rats received chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) for 6 weeks for LOD modeling except for the AGED group. During the modeling, EXD group was given EXD(ig, twice a day at 4 g·kg~(-1)) and other groups received equivalent amount of normal saline(ig). After modeling, a series of behavioral tests, such as sucrose preference test(SPT), open-field test(OFT), forced swimming test(FST), and Morris water maze test(MWMT) were performed. Immunofluorescence method was used to detect the number of Ki-67/Nesti-positive cells and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the hippocampal DG area of each group. High-concentration corticosterone(CORT) was combined with D-galactose(D-gal) to simulate the changes of LOD-related stress and aging and the proliferation and differentiation of primary neural stem cells of hippocampus in each group were observed. Data independent acquisition(DIA)-mass spectrometry(MS) was used to analyze the differential proteins in CSF among groups and bioinformatics analysis was performed to explore the biological functions of the proteins. Behavioral tests showed that sucrose consumption in SPT, total traveling distance in OFT, and times of crossing the platform in MWMT were all reduced(P<0.01) and the immobility time in FST was prolonged(P<0.01) in the LOD group compared with those in the AGED group, suggesting that LOD rats had developed depression symptoms such as anhedonia, decreased locomotor activity ability, and cognitive dysfunction. Behavioral abnormalities were alleviated(P<0.01, P<0.05) in the EXD group as compared with those in the LOD group. Immunofluorescence results demonstrated that Ki-67/Nesti-positive cells and BrdU/DCX-positive cells in the hippocampal DG area were fewer(P<0.05) in LOD group than in the AGED group, and the positive cells in the EXD group were more(P<0.05) than those in the LOD group. In vitro experiment showed that the proliferation and differentiation of primary hippocampal neural stem cells under the CORT+D-gal treatment were reduced(P<0.01). The proliferation rate of neural stem cells decreased(P<0.05) in CORT+D-gal+LOD-CSF group but increased(P<0.01) in CORT+D-gal+EXD-CSF group compared with that in the CORT+D-gal group. A total of 2 620 proteins were identified from rat CSF, with 135 differential proteins between the LOD group and AGED group and 176 between EXD group and LOD group. GDF11, NrCAM, NTRK2, and GhR were related to neurogenesis and 39 differential proteins were regulated by both LOD and EXD. EXD demonstrated obvious anti-LOD effect, as it improved the locomotor activity ability and cognitive function of LOD rats and protected the proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells. EXD exerts anti-LOD effect by regulating the proteins related to neurogenesis in CSF, such as GDF11, NrCAM, NTRK2, and GhR and maintaining hippocampal neurogenesis.

Low cerebrospinal fluid pressure may not be necessary in the diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: A report of four cases

@#We presented four patients with sub-acute onset orthostatic headache in occipital and sub-occipital regions and neck pain. No loss of consciousness, neurologic deficit, trauma or cranial/spinal surgery history was noted. They had normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure, normal laboratory studies, and diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement or sagging of brain on gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their symptoms resolved with intravenous large isotonic fluid or epidural blood patch. The diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension requires history of orthostatic headache, demonstration of lower CSF pressure, and abnormal findings on MRI. But these patients may have normal CSF opening pressure. CSF hypovolemia rather than CSF hypotension has been proposed as the underlying cause. Therefore, the CSF pressure may not be necessary for diagnosis in such patients with typical radiographic features. Thus, in the presence of convincing clinical symptoms and imaging abnormalities, a normal CSF pressure should not discourage the clinician from searching for a source of CSF leak.

Neuritis óptica recurrente posterior a encefalomielitis diseminada aguda en pediatría. Reporte de un caso / Recurrent optic neuritis after acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in pediatrics. A case report

Abstract: Optic Neuritis (ON) is a condition caused by the inflammation of the optic nerve, causing diminished visual acuity and ocular pain. It is tightly related to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), often being the first demyelinating event. There is a 31% risk of recurrence during the first 10 years after the diagnosis, and 48% of the patients end up being diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis1. Imaging studies like brain MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have a critical role in the diagnosis and prognosis of ON, as well as in the recognition of MS.2 The patient is a 11-year-old girl with recurrent ON and past medical history of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) when she was 5 years old. ON diagnosis was based on clinical findings as well as on ophtalmologic, electrophysiologic and imaging studies. The recurrent episodes of ON improved after the use of high dose steroids. Recurrences were observed after titration of the dose, but remission was achieved after adjustment of treatment. During one of the recurrent episodes, blood work was performed to evaluate possible underlying infectious, demyelinating or autoinmmune process. Anti-MOG antibodies were found positive. The patient at the moment is not presenting with any other criteria suggesting MS or Optic Neuromyelitis, but long term follow up is adviced. Key words: Optic neuritis (ON), multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), right eye (RE); visual acuity (VA), optic neuromyelitis (ONM)

Effects of Dynamic Brain Response under Different Setting of Skull-Brain Interface and Mesh Density Division of Cerebrospinal Fluid / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the effects of different skull-brain interfaces and mesh density of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on dynamic responses of the brain. Methods The impact kinematics on cadaver head under rotation and translation impacts were reconstructed based on the 50th percentile adult head finite element model. The interfaces between skull and CSF, CSF and brain were modeled with different types of interfaces, which were set as sharing nodes, tied, frictionless sliding, so as to investigate the effect of different interface types on dynamic responses of the brain. Then, the interfaces between CSF, skull and brain were set as sharing nodes, while CSF was divided into single-layer and tri-layer of hexahedral element with the constant thickness of CSF, to study influences of CSF with different mesh density layers on dynamic responses of the brain. Results The intracranial pressure was highly sensitive to the interface types, while the brain response seemed to be relatively insensitive to the variation in CSF layers. Conclusions The research findings provide theoretical references for the construction of CSF and the selection of skull-brain contact interface of the head finite element model.

Management of concurrent thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms

Concurrent thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysm is uncommon. It remains a formidable surgical challenge to vascular surgeons, as decision to treat in staged or simultaneous setting still debatable. We present, here, a case of a 62-year-old-man with asymptomatic concurrent thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms, which was successfully treated with two-stage hybrid endovascular repair. The aim of this case report is to discuss the treatment options available, possible associated complications and measures to prevent them.

Ascitis por líquido cefalorraquideo secundario a derivación ventriculo-peritoneal / Cerebrospinal fluid ascites secondary to ventriculo - expert neal

La ascitis por Líquido cefalorraquídeo es una complicación relativamente rara que se ha reportado en la literatura prácticamente desde 1972. Junto con el pseudoquiste abdominal corresponde a un 2% de las complicaciones de las derivaciones ventriculoperitoneales. Múltiples teorías han intentado explicar la patogenia de esta patología. A continuación se presenta el caso de un paciente de 36 años del Hospital México quien luego de 11 años de colocada una DVP desarrolla un cuadro de ascitis por LCR cuyos estudios clínicos no mostraron causa desencadenante evidente del cuadro por lo que fue necesario realizar una derivación ventrículo-atrial. Se incluye además una revisión de la literatura vigente.

Ascites by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a relatively rare complication that has been reported in the literature almost since 1972. Along with abdominal pseudocyst corresponds to 2% of the complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) . Multiple theories have attempted to explain the pathogenesis of this disease. Then the case of a patient of 36 years of the Hospital Mexico who after 11 years VPS placed one develops a picture of ascites CSF is presented whose clinical studies showed no obvious precipitating cause it was necessary to perform a ventriculo -atrial shunt. A review of the current literature is also included.

Criptococosis pulmonar y meníngea, en paciente inmunocompetente / Pulmonary and meningeal Cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent patient

La criptococosis es una enfermedad micótica oportunista, grave, causada por Cryptococcus neoformans. un hongo levaduriforme y encapsulado. Sus dos variedades; Cryptococcus neoformans variedad. neoformans (serotipos A y D) y Cryptococcus neoformans variedad. gattii (serotipos B y C) son responsables de enfermedad en el hombre. La infección ocurre por inhalación del microorganismo presente en el excremento principalmente de las palomas. Produce una infección pulmonar inicial desde donde se disemina a otros órganos sobre todo meninges y sistema nervioso central causando una meningoencefalitis; puede diseminarse a piel y vísceras. La criptococosis afecta con mayor frecuencia a personas inmunosuprimidas, en especial pacientes con SIDA. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 40 años edad, sin antecedentes personales conocidos, a quien no se le conoce ningún estado de inmunosupresion, con serologías negativas para HIV; consultó al servicio de emergencia del Hospital General del Este, Dr Domingo Luciani, en la ciudad de Caracas, Venezuela. por clínica respiratoria de un mes de evolución, tos seca, cefalea, náuseas y vómitos. En el estudio radiológico de tórax se observó una imagen homogénea, radiopaca, que ocupaba el lóbulo superior de pulmón izquierdo. se le realizó fibrobroncoscopia con biopsia y lavado bronquial y los con hallazgos fueron sugestivos de criptococosis pulmonar. Además se realiza punción lumbar por sintomatología neurológíca, con reporte de criptolatex y tinta china positivo en LCR, demostrando el compromiso neurológico. Se planteó una criptococosis pulmonar con compromiso meníngeo(AU)

Cryptococcosis is a serious opportunistic fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans . There are two varieties; Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C) and they are responsible for human disease. Infection occurs by inhalation of microorganisms present in the feces mainly of pigeons. An initial pulmonary infection occurs and then it can spreads to other organs especially meninges and central nervous system causing meningoencephalitis; also to skin and vísceras. Cryptococcosis most often affects immunosuppressed people, especially AIDS patients. We present the case of a 40 year-old woman who consulted to the Emergency Service of the Hospital Dr Domingo Luciani, in Caracas, Venezuela. She had respiratory symptoms for a month as well as nausea and vomits; The chest radiograph showed a radiopaque homogeneous image in the left upper lobe of the lung. A bronchoscopy plus biopsy and washing was suggestive of pulmonary cryptococcosis . Because some neurological symptoms were present, a lumbar punction was performed and criptolatex reported positive in the CSF, diagnosing a disseminated cryptococcosis with meningeal involvement(AU)

Reversal in the Diameter of the Superior Ophthalmic Vein after an Epidural Blood Patch in a Case of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is caused by single or multiple cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks in the spine with the prototypical symptom of postural headache. One of the characteristic MRI features in SIH is intracranial venous engorgement. This report presents a case of SIH with engorgement of the bilateral superior ophthalmic veins (SOVs) which resume their normal diameters by the third day of successful epidural blood patches (EBPs). We define this phenomenon as the "reversal of the SOV" sign.

The clinical analysis of three methods in the treatment of intracranial bacterial infection / 药物分析学报

Objective To analyze the effect of three therapeutic methods to find an optimal approach to the treatment of intracranial bacterial infection by retrospectively reviewing 33 intracranial bacterial infection patients who were admitted from 1995 to 2008 in oar hospital. Methods The treatments by intermittent lumbar puncture,continuous lumbar subarachnoid space drainage, and embedment of Ommaya cyst for continuous drainage from the ventricles were performed in 15 cases, 12 cases, and 6 cases respectively along with intravenous application of full dose of antibiotics. Results Nineteen cases were cured and the best prognosis was from the group of Ommaya cyst embedment and continuous drainage from the ventricles. Conclusion Management goals are prompt recognition of the central nervous system (CNS) infection, rapid identification of causative organisms and initiation of treatment with the optimal management methods for complications. Embedment of Ommaya cyst for continuous drainage from the ventricle is a safe and effective treatment for intracranial bacterial infection.

The clinical analysis of three methods in the treatment of intracranial bacterial infection / 西安交通大学学报·英文版

Objective: To analyze the effect of three therapeutic methods to find an optimal approach to the treatment of intracranial bacterial infection by retrospectively reviewing 33 intracranial bacterial infection patients who were admitted from 1995 to 2008 in our hospital. Methods: The treatments by intermittent lumbar puncture, continuous lumbar subarachnoid space drainage, and embedment of Ommaya cyst for continuous drainage from the ventricles were performed in 15 cases, 12 cases, and 6 cases respectively along with intravenous application of full dose of antibiotics. Results: Nineteen cases were cured and the best prognosis was from the group of Ommaya cyst embedment and continuous drainage from the ventricles. Conclusion: Management goals are prompt recognition of the central nervous system (CNS) infection, rapid identification of causative organisms and initiation of treatment with the optimal management methods for complications. Embedment of Ommaya cyst for continuous drainage from the ventricle is a safe and effective treatment for intracranial bacterial infection.

Two Cases of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea by Idiopathic Bony Defects / 대한이비인후과학회지

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea can be caused by head trauma, brain or sinus surgery or neoplastic sinonasal disease. In addition, CSF rhinorrhea may develop spontaneously in some cases. We experienced two cases of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea caused by idiopathic bony defect. The first case was a 47-year old female who complained of a persistent rhinorrhea for 2 months without surgical or traumatic history. The second case was a 40-year old female. Having no surgical or traumatic history, she also suffered from a persistent rhinorrhea for thirteen years. For diagnosis of CSF rhinorrhea, we carried out endoscopic examination, glucose test of rhinorrhea, computed tomograph, magnetic resonance imaging and (99m)Tc-DTPA cisternography. We found bony defect in the cribriform plate of the two cases. Patients were treated successfully with endoscopic approach. Leak sites were repaired with free graft materials. There has not been any recurrence or complications since the endoscopic closure.

Cefalea post-punción lumbar / Post-lumbar puncture headache

La punción lumbar es un procedimiento que se realiza con fines diagnósticos, terapéuticos, o para anestesia regional. Después de una punción lumbar se puede presentar cefalea por disminución de la presión intracraneana del líquido cefalorraquídeo, que aparece dentro de los cinco días siguientes al procedimiento y mejora en una semana. El tipo de aguja que se utiliza y la orientación del bisel pueden influir en su desarrollo. En el presente artículo se analizan los aspectos fisiopatológicos y clínicos, así como el tratamiento de la cefalea post-punción lumbar.

Lumbar puncture is a procedure used in regional anestesia, or for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. After a lumbar puncture it can appear a headache caused by a decrease in intracranial pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. This headache appears within five days after the procedure and improves in one week. The type of the needle and the direction of the bevel can influence the developement of this complication. This article analyzes the pathophysiological and clinical aspects, as well as the treatment of post-lumbar puncture headache.

The Significance of Immunoglobulins and Albumin in the Cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) on Differential Diagnosis of Meningitis / 中国医师杂志

61mg/L. Conclusion The destruction of blood-brain barrier in TM and PM was obviously stronger than that in VM. The contents of CSF-Ig and -Alb are helpful to diagnose and differntially diagnose meningitis.